Science integrity and image duplication

What kind of image manipulation that they have conclude?

Category I is defined as, "Figures containing two or more identical panels, either within the same figure or between different figures within the same paper, purporting to represent different experimental conditions."

Category II ".included microscopic or blot images with a clear region of overlap, where one image had been shifted, rotated, or reversed with respect to the other."

Category III ".consisted of images that were altered with complete or partial duplication of lanes, bands, groups of cells.  sometimes with rotation or reversal with respect to each other, within the same image panel or between panels or figures."

Check out these two webs for image processing;

https://www.imagetwin.io/

github.com/GuidoBartoli/sherloq

Original article;

https://www.helmholtz-helena.de/fileadmin/Scientific_training/Literature/Wjst_2020_231_Kopie.pdf

10.1165/rcmb.2020-0419LE

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